{"id":2187,"date":"2019-07-02T13:11:38","date_gmt":"2019-07-02T11:11:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dazzlepop.net\/site\/?p=2187"},"modified":"2019-07-02T13:11:41","modified_gmt":"2019-07-02T11:11:41","slug":"energy-drinks-have-become-wildly-popular-with-teens-heres-why-its-a-public-health-concern","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.dazzlepop.net\/site\/energy-drinks-have-become-wildly-popular-with-teens-heres-why-its-a-public-health-concern\/","title":{"rendered":"Energy drinks have become wildly popular with Teens. Here’s why it’s a public health concern"},"content":{"rendered":"
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A collection of energy drinks including (left to right) Full Throttle Fury, Sobe Adrenaline Rush, Red Bull, Rockstar Juice, Tab Energy, and Monster Energy, in Boston, Massachusetts, on May 30, 2006.\u00a0John Nordell\u2014 The Christian Science Monitor\/Getty Images <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Earlier this year, a half-dozen students from City Hill Middle School, in Naugatuck, Connecticut, traveled with their science teacher Katrina Spina to the state capital to testify in support of a bill<\/a> that would ban sales of energy drinks to children under the age of 16. Having devoted three months to a chemistry unit studying the ingredients in and potential health impacts of common energy drinks \u2014 with brand names like Red Bull, Monster Energy, and Rockstar \u2013 the students came to a sobering conclusion: \u201cEnergy drinks can be fatal to everyone, but especially to adolescents,\u201d 7th-grader Luke Deitelbaum told state legislators. \u201cEven though this is true, most energy drink companies continue to market these drinks specifically toward teens.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A 2018 report<\/a> found that more than 40 percent of American teens in a survey had consumed an energy drink within the past three months. Another survey<\/a>found that 28 percent of adolescents in the European Union had consumed these sorts of beverages in the past three days.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This popularity is in marked contrast to the recommendations of groups like the American\u00a0Academy of Pediatrics<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0American College of Sports Medicine<\/a>, who say youth should forgo these products entirely. These recommendations are based on concerns about health problems that, although rare, can occur after consumption, including seizures, delirium, rapid heart rate, stroke, and even sudden death. A U.S. government\u00a0report<\/a>\u00a0found that from 2007 to 2011, the number of emergency department visits involving energy drinks more than doubled, to nearly 21,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of these, approximately 1,500 were children aged 12 to 17, although the number of visits from this age group increased only slightly over the four years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For their part, energy drink manufacturers argue that they are being unfairly targeted. At the Connecticut hearing, the head of public affairs for Red Bull North America, Joseph Luppino, maintained that there is no scientific justification to regulate energy drinks differently than other caffeine-containing beverages such as soda, coffee, and tea \u2014 particularly when some coffeehouses serve coffee with a caffeine content exceeding that of a can of Red Bull. \u201cAge-gating is an incredibly powerful tool,\u201d Luppino said, and should be reserved for \u201cinherently dangerous products\u201d like nicotine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The showdown in Connecticut, which pitted the City Hill students against a growing $55 billion a year global industry, was the latest in an ongoing debate about the safety and regulation of energy drinks. In recent years, countries such as the United Kingdom and Norway have considered banning sales to young people, while Lithuania and Latvia have active bans in place. In the U.S., along with Connecticut, state legislators in Maryland, Illinois, and Indiana have introduced bills, though none have been signed into law. A South Carolina bill to ban sales to kids under 18 \u2014 and to fine those caught selling them to minors \u2014 advanced through the legislature<\/a> in April, and is now pending before the state\u2019s full medical affairs committee. It is supported by the parents of a 16-year-old who died from a caffeine-induced cardiac event after consuming a coffee, a soda, and an energy drink within a period of two hours.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the regulatory status of energy drinks continues to be debated, a growing number of consumers and public health advocates are asking why and how a product loaded with caffeine and other stimulants became so popular among young people. The reasons are a mix of lax regulation, the use of caffeine as a sports performance enhancer among adults, and a bit of scientific uncertainty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to sports cardiologist John Higgins<\/a>, a professor at McGovern Medical School at UTHealth in Houston, there is also another factor: \u201cvery, very intelligent advertising.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H<\/strong>istorically,<\/strong> government agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration have struggled to regulate beverages with added caffeine. Though it offers some guidance<\/a>, the FDA allows manufacturers of liquid products to decide on their own whether to market their products as dietary supplements, or as conventional foods and beverages, which carry differing regulatory requirements. All three major energy drink makers now have most of their products regulated as foods, rather than dietary supplements \u2014 though that wasn\u2019t always the case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Researchers from the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, in a review<\/a> published in the journal Drug and Alcohol Dependence, note that lack of consistency is partly due to our long love affair with drinks in which caffeine is naturally occurring, including coffee and tea. In 1980, citing health concerns, the FDA proposed to eliminate caffeine from soft drinks, which are regulated as foods. The manufacturers, however, claimed the caffeine was a flavor enhancer. The FDA approved caffeine, but limited the maximum content of cola-type soft drinks to .02 percent, or roughly 71 milligrams per 12-ounce serving.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf caffeine had not been accepted as a flavor enhancer, but had been regarded as a psychoactive ingredient,\u201d write the Johns Hopkins researchers, \u201csoft drinks might have been regulated by the FDA as drugs\u201d \u2014 which are subject to additional regulations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When energy drinks first appeared on the American market in the late 1990s and early 2000s, some manufacturers claimed the products were neither drugs nor conventional foods, but dietary supplements. Drugs with caffeine require warning labels, but dietary supplements don\u2019t. \u201cIt is a striking inconsistency that, in the U.S. an [over-the-counter] stimulant medication containing 100 mg of caffeine per tablet (e.g. NoDoz) must include [a series of] warnings,\u201d write the Johns Hopkins researchers, \u201cwhereas a 500 mg energy drink can be marketed with no such warnings and no information on caffeine dose amount in the product.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As early as 2009, sports and medical organizations began issuing position statements discouraging energy drink consumption by young people. In 2011, the American Academy of Pediatrics\u00a0concluded<\/a>\u00a0that energy drinks \u201care not appropriate for children and adolescents, and should never be consumed.\u201d Further, the group warned that adolescents might mistakenly use energy drinks, rather than sports drinks like Gatorade, for rehydration during physical activity. \u201cAdvertisements that target young people are contributing to the confusion,\u201d wrote the authors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later, in 2013, questions about safety and marketing came to a head in the halls of Congress. Three Democratic senators launched an investigation into the marketing practices of energy drink companies. They found that adolescents between the ages of 13 and 17 are frequent targets of energy drink marketing, and stated in a written report that \u201cthis population is also at risk for the detrimental impacts of energy drink consumption.\u201d The report also noted a range of claims not evaluated or substantiated by the FDA. For example, the makers of AMP Energy marketed the drinks as helping to \u201cenergize and hydrate the body,\u201d while advertisements for Red Bull promised \u201cincreased concentration and reaction speed.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(As it happens, a few months before the senate hearing, Monster Beverage Corporation and Rockstar Inc. announced their intention to follow in the footsteps of Red Bull by declaring their products to be foods, rather than dietary supplements.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among those providing testimony at a committee hearing was Jennifer L. Harris, a researcher at the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, currently housed at the University of Connecticut. She and her team had conducted an earlier study of how sugary beverages are marketed to children. \u201cWhat we learned about energy drinks stunned us,\u201d she said at the hearing<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Energy drink companies had been pioneers in using social media to market their products, said Harris. At the time of her study, Red Bull and Monster Energy were the fifth and twelfth most popular brands on Facebook \u2014 a platform that was, at the time, particularly popular among college students and adolescents. Further, said Harris, \u201cenergy drink brands often promote teen athletes and musicians and sponsor local events, where they provide free samples, including to minors.\u201d The marketing is effective, she noted. Sales of most other beverage categories were declining, but energy drink sales had increased by 19 percent the previous year, reaching $8 billion in 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The energy beverage industry vigorously defended its products and marketing practices. In his congressional statement, Rodney Sacks, CEO of Monster Beverage Corporation, noted that a 16-ounce can of Monster Energy contains 160 mg of caffeine. In contrast, the equivalent amount of Starbucks coffee contains 330 mg \u2014 more than twice as much. Further, Monster cans include a label recommending against consumption by children. (According to guidelines<\/a>put forth by the American Beverage Association, a trade group, energy drinks should not be marketed to children under 12, and other leading brands such as Red Bull and Rockstar carry similar labels recommending against consumption by children.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Further, Sacks and representatives from Rockstar, Inc. and Red Bull North America denied that their companies advertise to young teenagers. Doing this, said Sacks, \u201cwould undermine the credibility of the brand image in the eyes of young adults,\u201d \u2014 nominally their target consumer demographic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not everyone buys this. A 2017 study<\/a> published in the journal Public Health Nutrition, for example, tested whether young consumers perceived energy drink advertising as being targeted at people their age and younger. Researchers at the University of Waterloo randomly assigned over 2,000 Canadians aged 12 to 24 to view one of four online ads for Red Bull. Among the youngest subjects \u2014 those aged 12 to 14 \u2014 nearly 72 percent of participants who viewed an advertisement featuring the company\u2019s sponsorship of the X Games, an extreme sports event, perceived the ad to be targeted to people their age and younger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The University of Waterloo researchers compare energy drink marketing practices with those of 20th-century cigarette companies. \u201cWhile tobacco advertising was ostensibly targeted only at adults,\u201d they write, \u201cit nevertheless achieved very high levels of reach and appeal among young people.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Further, and perhaps not surprisingly, across all age groups, 71 percent of those who were shown a Red Bull ad with a sports theme \u2014 the X games, for example, or an image of an airborne snowboarder with accompanying text reading \u201cRED BULL GIVES YOU WIIINGS\u201d \u2014 thought the ad they viewed promoted the use of energy drinks during sports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is a problem, says Matt Fedoruk, chief science officer at the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA). Though his organization is perhaps best known for its role in testing Olympic athletes for banned substances, it also promotes a positive youth sports culture. Fedoruk says they field questions about energy drinks from athletes of all ages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cCaffeine is the most studied ergogenic aid on the planet,\u201d says Fedoruk, and its use is widespread among elite athletes. Research has even produced recommended guidelines for ingestion prior to exercise. But these guidelines were developed for adults. Young people who try to follow them could quickly surpass the American Academy of Pediatrics\u2019 guidelines for adolescents: no more than 100 mg of caffeine per day, or roughly the amount in a typical cup of coffee. Further, because energy drinks are manufactured in adult serving sizes, says Fedoruk, it\u2019s easy for a child to get too much. \u201cDepending on the product you choose, you could definitely be dosing your young child or youth athlete in doses that far exceed what may be safe for their body weight and size.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When it comes to youth athletes, \u201cour experts recommend both water and sports drinks as the best options for hydration,\u201d writes Danielle Eurich, a USADA spokesperson. Athletes exercising less than an hour probably don\u2019t even need sports drinks, she adds. \u201cWater would be best.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L<\/strong>ast year,<\/strong> John Higgins, the sports cardiologist, ran a small study in which healthy medical students downed a 24-ounce can of Monster Energy. Ninety minutes later, the students\u2019 arteries were measured to test their ability to bounce back \u2014 or dilate \u2014 after being compressed by a blood pressure cuff. Dilation helps control blood flow, increasing circulation when necessary, including during exercise. In this study, the medical students\u2019 blood flow was \u201csignificantly and adversely affected,\u201d says Higgins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Higgins suspects that the combination of ingredients \u2014 the caffeine and other stimulants such as guarana, taurine, L-carnitine, along with added vitamins and minerals \u2014 interferes with the endothelium, a thin layer of cells that control dilation. But he can\u2019t say for certain because there hasn\u2019t been enough research. Higgins\u2019 own study was preliminary and lacked a control group. Further, a recent\u00a0review<\/a>\u00a0by a group of Harvard researchers noted considerable limitations to the existing energy drink literature. Most studies, the authors found, used small sample sizes or employed a cross-sectional design, which isn\u2019t able to determine causation. Large longitudinal studies, meanwhile, require time and money.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Higgins says the main reason there is no evidence of safety is that energy drinks are not classified by most countries as drugs. \u201cThey are classified as supplements, additives, or whatever.\u201d Until more data are available, Higgins\u2019 opinion is that energy drinks should be avoided before, during, and after exercise. Anyone under 18 should avoid them entirely, he says. This recommendation has been endorsed by the American College of Sports Medicine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yet at the Connecticut hearing, Red Bull\u2019s Joseph Luppino insisted that there is ample evidence of safety. He referenced the European Food Safety Authority, which conducts food-chain risk assessments for the European Union: \u201cThey have unequivocally concluded there are no synergistic effects between the various ingredients that are contained in energy drinks.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When asked for a comment, the European agency pointed to its 2015 report<\/a>, and a spokesperson explained the findings: In general, the combination of substances typically found in energy drinks \u201cwould not affect the safety of single doses of caffeine up to 200 mg.\u201d Individuals who might drink a 16-oz can of Rockstar, or a 24-oz can of Monster containing 240 mg of caffeine plus other stimulants were not considered by the analysis. The E.U. agency spokesperson also issued a caveat: There wasn\u2019t enough data to determine whether other common energy drink ingredients like guarana and taurine influence the acute effects of caffeine on blood pressure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Monster and Rockstar did not respond to repeated requests for comment. When asked about the discrepancy between Luppino\u2019s characterization of the European report and the agency\u2019s own characterization of its findings, Erin Mand, a spokesperson for Red Bull, pointed to particular passages in the report that suggest the safety of particular ingredient combinations up to 200 mg of caffeine. She additionally noted that \u201cits single-serving products fall under 200 mg of caffeine.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The American Beverage Association also did not respond to specific interview questions, but did provide this statement: \u201cEnergy drinks have been enjoyed by millions of people around the world for more than 30 years, and are recognized by government health agencies worldwide as safe for consumption. The amount of caffeine in energy drinks is typically half the amount found in a coffeehouse coffee and is no different from the caffeine found in other foods and beverages. Further, America\u2019s mainstream energy drink companies have taken voluntary steps to ensure their products are not marketed to children.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the spring of 2017<\/strong>, Gary Watts, the coroner for South Carolina\u2019s Richland County, released the autopsy results for Davis Cripe, the teenager whose death spurred the South Carolina bill to ban sales of energy drinks to minors. The cause of death: a caffeine-induced cardiac event causing a probable arrythmia. \u201cTypically you don\u2019t see the results of an arrythmia in an actual autopsy because there\u2019s no real damage to the heart,\u201d Watts said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After Cripe collapsed<\/a> at school, a staff member who had previously worked as a nurse in a cardiac unit diagnosed a cardiac arrythmia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWho\u2019s to say that this hasn\u2019t happened before?\u201d says Watts, whose office has performed autopsies on other young adults who died of sudden death. \u201cIt probably has \u2014 it\u2019s just that we\u2019ve not been able to document [the cause] with someone on the scene at the time who says, \u2018Okay, this is an arrythmia.\u2019\u201d Watts believes there are too many uncertainties about energy drinks to say that they are safe for adolescents. \u201cI\u2019m not trying to get rid of energy drinks,\u201d he said. \u201cI know a lot of people use them. But I do think that the age is a concern that everybody needs to be really serious about.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As for the Connecticut bill, it has not moved out of committee, but in mid-May, the City Hill Middle School students and their teacher returned to the state capital to lobby lawmakers. They shared informational brochures created by the students, as well as informal results from a survey of students and parents, indicating widespread support for their bill among the latter. In the meantime, the students say, their siblings and peers continue to consume energy drinks \u2014 on soccer fields, in dugouts, in front of video game consoles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt\u2019s so interesting,\u201d City Hill student Emily Fine said of energy drink makers and their products, \u201chow they still put them on the market.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sara Talpos is a freelance writer whose recent work has been published in Science, Mosaic, and the Kenyon Review\u2019s special issue on science writing. Sara has an MFA in creative writing (poetry) and is interested in the connections between science and literature. She taught writing classes at the University of Michigan for 10 years.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Source: https:\/\/time.com\/5616059\/energy-drinks-teens\/<\/a> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A collection of energy drinks including (left to right) Full Throttle Fury, Sobe Adrenaline Rush, Red Bull, Rockstar Juice, Tab Energy, and Monster Energy, in Boston, Massachusetts, on May 30, 2006.\u00a0John Nordell\u2014 The Christian Science Monitor\/Getty Images Earlier this year, a half-dozen students from City Hill Middle School, in Naugatuck, Connecticut, traveled with their science […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":-1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_vp_format_video_url":"","_vp_image_focal_point":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[74,68,36],"class_list":["post-2187","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-info","tag-health","tag-information","tag-news"],"yoast_head":"\nDazzlepop | Energy drinks have become wildly popular with Teens. 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